The findings in humans were supported by the studies in mice, they found that higher thermogenesis and respiration were partially induced by an increase in BAT activation of pups from the fathers exposed to the cold, and the paternal CE (P-CE) could improve systemic metabolism and protected mouse offspring from diet induced obesity. Mechanically, investigators proved that the increase in BAT function of offspring maybe due to the changes in brown adipogenesis and neurogenesis induced by P-CE, and the elevated formation of thermogenic cells in offspring stimulated by P-CE was a cell autonomous manner. Thus, the important findings by Wenfei Sun et al suggest that CE in the father before conception may benefit for systemic metabolism as well as prevent overweight and obesity in the child

Japanese encephalitis is a viral disease affecting humans, mostly the children and is a major concern to public health. The single stranded flavivirus is mainly transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex genus and causes neurological disorders with high fatality. The virus is well amplified in animals like pigs (swine) that act as a host. Close proximity of the domesticated pigs to human settlements increases the risk of human infection. The animal to human zoonoses of this antigen is occurred through the mosquitoes bite. Recent developments have led to discovery of various vaccines for the treatment of the disease. This review discusses various aspects of the Japanese encephalitis disease with their transmission, pathogenesis and diagnostic strategies. Moreover it highlights the importance of prevention of transmission of the disease over its cure by proposing a hypothetical kit design model to detect presence of the Japanese encephalitis antigen in the swine populations. This detection process may help to detect infected animals and thus help to keep such animals away from the human settlements so as to prevent transmission as well as outbreak of the disease. This may further help to create a disease free environment, thus saving many lives.

An in vitro virus infectivity assay based on the newly introduced spectrochemical method was performed using Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) virus infected Vero cell line as a model infection. Herein, the mitochondrial reductase enzyme activity was monitored using 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reagent as a substrate which was reduced to a insoluble formazan products. The purple to darker color was achieved upon hydrolysis of the insoluble formazan with DMSO solution. The absorbance (OD values) of colored solution was measured by spectrophotometer at a wave length of 570nm. The infectivity/viability data were achieved from the OD values of different doses of virus infected or non-infected cells using the standard formulae. The OD values obtained from spectrochemical assay were compared with traditional Plaque assay and validated with Trypan blue assay. The data obtained from spectrochemical analysis showed similar trend as was achieved with traditional methods with a little variation in the sensitivity. The sensitivity variations are obvious due to the marked differences in the measurement unit and detection methods. However the newly introduced spectrochemical method showed superiority over the traditional methods because of its simple, label free, less time consuming measurement method and its suitability in the monitoring of large number samples.

?- aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an essential metabolite which plays a crucial role in signal transmission, stress metabolism, and some other activities also reported. Although the actual function of GABA shunt is not clearly understood. Three key enzymes, gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T), succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase and succinic semialdehyde reductase are involved in GABA shunt mechanism en route from glutamate to the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA)which could pave the way of GABA shunt action. The enzyme gamma aminobutyric acid transaminase (GABA-T) could also play a key role in GABA shunt action by converting GABA to succinic semialdehyde (SSA).In this study, the protein sequence of ?-aminobutyric acid transaminase of Brassica napus (Rape) was retrieved from UniProt protein database and analyzed GABA-T enzyme using different bioinformatics tools and servers to analyze the physiochemical properties, amino acid composition, conformational states, and 3D structure. We found that our experimental protein sequence was very unstable, and the graph of Local Quality Estimate showed that the sequence was porn to mutation and value of Z score was above two in comparison with a non-redundant set of PDB structure. In addition, the phylogenetic tree revealed that GABA-T of Dendrobium officinale, Phoenix dactylifera, Oryza sativa, Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica napus evolved from a common ancestor gene.

In a growing follicle, granulosa cells (GCs) are the major cellular component and perform several important functions. GCs are an excellent choice for in vitro experimentation to understand their functions in vivo. However, the isolation of a pure fraction of GCs from slaughterhouse ovaries remains a challenge. The current study describes a simpler yet reliable method for isolating GCs from slaughterhouse ovaries of domestic animals. For this, bovine ovaries were collected from a nearby slaughterhouse and GCs were collected by aspiration method, one fraction of fresh GCs was snap frozen and stored at -80°C for further analysis and another fraction was used in culture purpose. The purity of GCs was determined by quantifying follicle stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) and CYP17A1 transcripts and analyzing the cultured cells under a microscope. The viability of GCs ranged from 66 – 35 % depending on the time and media used in transportation-processing. The results showed that FSHR gene was highly expressed as evidenced by the presence of a strong band while CYP17A1 is completely absent in the GCs isolated using the current method. In addition, the characteristics of the cultured cells further confirm the purity of isolated GCs. The current method isolates a pure population of GCs from slaughterhouse ovary without any contamination of thecal cells.

Lead toxicity is the vital issue in the developing countries that causes serious health hazards in animals and humans. Prophylactic effects of vitamin E and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) extract on lead-induced testicular damage in Swiss albino mice were investigated in the present study by gross and histological studies in five groups (control, lead intoxicated, vitamin E-treated, coriander-treated, vitamin E and coriander-treated). Treatment was done for 42 days. In the present study, weight and length of left and right testes were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in lead-intoxicated mice in comparison to the control group. Lead acetate was found to cause separation of primary spermatocyte from spermatogonia, morphological changes of seminiferous tubule and irregular arrangement of spermatogenic cells in the seminiferous tubules of testis. Vitamin E and coriander extract were found effective in the treatment of lead intoxicated mice and testes histology were found normal. Combined antioxidative action of vitamin E and corriander extract was also found effective in the treatment of lead intoxicated mice. The present investigation may serve as baseline data about adverse effects of lead toxicity and efficacy of vitamin E and coriander extract against lead toxicity. Further research need to be done to isolate and purify the active principle involved in the antioxidant activity of this plant. KEYWORDS: Vitamin E, coriander, testis, mice, lead, toxicity.